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Aluminum Alloy 7075
The 7075 aluminum alloy is composed of approximately 5.6–6.1% zinc, 2.1–2.5% magnesium, 1.2–1.6% copper, and less than 0.5% of elements like silicon, iron, manganese, titanium, chromium, and others. It's available in various conditions, including 7075-0, 7075-T6, and 7075-T651.
This alloy is primarily known for its high strength and excellent mechanical properties. It features good ductility, toughness, and fatigue resistance. Although it can be more brittle due to microsegregation compared to many other aluminum alloys, it still boasts superior corrosion resistance when compared to the 2000 series alloys. As such, it's widely utilized in high-stress structural applications and is particularly popular in the aerospace industry for making critical aircraft structural components.
Mechanical Properties of 7075 Plate:
T6 Temper:
7075-T6 has an ultimate tensile strength ranging from 510–540 MPa (74,000–78,000 psi) and a yield strength of at least 430–480 MPa (63,000–69,000 psi). The elongation at break is between 5–11%.
The T6 temper is typically achieved through a process involving homogenizing the cast 7075 alloy at 450 °C for several hours, followed by quenching and aging at 120 °C for 24 hours. This process maximizes the alloy’s strength, largely due to the formation of finely dispersed eta and eta' precipitates within the grains and along the grain boundaries.
T651 Temper:
In the T651 condition, 7075 aluminum plate achieves an ultimate tensile strength of 570 MPa (83,000 psi) and a yield strength of 500 MPa (73,000 psi). The elongation at break varies from 3–9%, and these values may change based on the specific form of the material. For instance, thicker plates might exhibit slightly lower strength and elongation compared to the figures mentioned above.
To reach the T651 temper, the alloy undergoes solution heat treatment, stress relief, and artificial aging. Stress relief is accomplished by stretching the metal, with the exact amount determined by the type of product being manufactured (such as sheet, plate, bar, or forging).
Physical Properties of 7075 Aluminum Sheet:
| Material | Temper | Thickness (in) | Tensile Strength (ksi) | Yield Strength (ksi) | Elongation (%) |
|-----------------------|--------------|----------------|-------------------------|----------------------|----------------|
| Alloy 7075 Sheet | T6 Bare | 0.125 - 0.25 | 78 | 69 | 8 |
| Alloy 7075 Sheet | T651 Bare | 0.25 - 0.50 | 78 | 67 | 9 |
| Alloy 7075 Sheet | T651 Bare | 0.5 - 1.0 | 78 | 68 | 7 |
| Alloy 7075 Sheet | T6 Clad | 0.188 - 0.25 | 75 | 64 | 8 |
| Alloy 7075 Sheet | T651 Clad | 0.25 - 0.50 | 75 | 65 | 9 |
| Alloy 7075 Sheet | T651 Clad | 0.5 - 1.00 | 78 | 68 | 7 |
Typical Physical Properties:
| Characteristic | English | Metric |
|----------------------------|-----------------------------|------------------------------|
| Nominal Density (68°F / 20°C) | 0.101 lbs./ in³ | 2.80 Mg/m³ |
| Melting Range | 990°F - 1175°F | 532°C - 635°C |
| Specific Heat (212°F / 100°C) | 0.23 BTU/lb - °F | 960 J/kg-°K |
Aluminum Alloy 7075 remains a key player in industries requiring high-performance materials due to its impressive strength-to-weight ratio and excellent mechanical properties. It continues to evolve as manufacturers find new ways to optimize its use across various sectors, including aerospace, automotive, and defense. While its brittleness under certain conditions is a limitation, advancements in processing techniques and surface treatments are helping to mitigate this issue, ensuring its continued relevance in modern engineering applications.